Foundation

The foundation called the building an underground structure, the main function - to take over all the building loads and transfer them to the building ground.

Option on the site and obtaining all necessary permits a person starts from the house foundation. The foundation must be strong, because they have to maintain the entire building, it is necessary to carry out soil tests, depending on the track which they face the best depth.

Detached houses commonly used, Bored or strip foundations. Rapid pace of modern construction, the builders found that popular Bored foundation. Such foundations installed very quickly and are stable. Earth drill a hole into which is injected reinforcement frame and poured concrete.

Want to have a house basement, tape lays the foundation, it is quite expensive, contributes a large number of works, must be correctly installed waterproofing, ventilation, and a host of other work that takes time.

It is necessary to carry out soil tests

The main error is a consequence of laying the foundations for an untested ground. The foundation must be strong, because they have to maintain the entire building. Often shows cracked the stone wall of the house. This is due to sėdančių foundation. To avoid such surprises, it is necessary to calculate the weight of the house and soil strength.

Any material, experts said, sand, clay or loam, have specific resistance properties, it is necessary to carry out soil tests. Depending on whether the house frame, stone or wood, different designs of his weight. Following the imposition of soil resistance, you can see what weight it can bear. Project, carried out the calculations, determines not only the place where the best face foundation, but also the necessary foundation įgilinimą.

Insulation and drainage

From the soil test results, it is clear what is the altitude of ground water. If a parcel of water tables high and people still want to have a basement, make a good isolation is difficult. To avoid moisture, it is advisable not only a well-insulated walls and floors, but also equipped with drainage, which leads to ground-water side. Previously, people often build houses for themselves and later on hardly keep drėkstančio basement. Today, old people should not follow the methods and consult with professionals. House designer must anticipate potential problems and find solutions.

Types of foundation

The foundation is available in three types: Bored, and the polar belt. Rapid pace of modern construction, the builders found that popular Bored foundation. They are usually installed and the construction of the individual, in particular frame, their homes. Such foundations installed very quickly and are stable. Earth drill a hole into which is injected reinforcement frame and poured concrete.

Want to have a house basement, installed and assembled band of tiles installed in the foundation. Foundation of strength added to the foundation slab, and they are mounted on blocks. If the shaky soil, it should be combined foundations - bored to make the band.

One feature of the foundation - pile. The land to a depth of 10-12 meters is Kalami poles, providing not only restraint but also sutankinantys soil. Bored In some places the foundation of certain soil properties can not provide the strength, in which case Kalami poles, however, such foundations are quite expensive.

The design of the house, it is necessary to decide in advance what he will, and to calculate the strength of the foundation, because later might be too late. "If the construction of the mūrinį Namuka later want to build the extension, chances are that the borders of a different strength of the foundation will pop. This should dig a hole to the ground at the bottom and tensioned valve on an existing foundation - advised the VA road. If it is the foundation Bored should be merged monolithic foundation beams. If you make your own installation by the pool in the basement, it should decide against him in the building, because they can not weather the foundation structure. The foundation is calculated only for a certain depth. The swimming pool is either below, or foundation level. "

The foundation of their design and construction principles

The installation of underground structures, it is inevitable one way or other earth-moving, often complex, especially when the engineering geological conditions unusual. Often raises a number of technical problems when it comes to degrading the water level, to strengthen the ground, equipped with a guard antifiltracines or perform other similar tasks.
Foundation construction, unlike Earth, replacing soils: soil dug and poured, working constantly in contact with him. These works are often not possible without damaging the environment. Damage size depends on the nature of construction work.

The underground works, especially when it comes degrade water level or installing artificial grounds, may fall in the land surface, cracks appear on earth, occurring landslides, landslide, land surface depressions, which, if you bear no leakage, compliance with water. Change in surface topography, because the soil is excavated and poured replace the ground level, rain or melting snow (ice) water washed away the top soil layer (soil). When the soil heavily mined and compared, transported in soil or soil that are exposed to the wind dissipates the ground particles (wind erosion). As a result, deterioration of soil structure. When the soil is mined or boring, or when working dredgers hidromonitoriai resulting mud run off to the worksite environment. Construction site are often environmental polluters. It is therefore essential before the start of construction work to predict the potential environmental nature of the change and the effects of exchange and to provide for measures to protect and preserve the natural environment as naturally around the site.
Foundation installation work is very specific, often complex, in addition, they find it difficult to adapt the standard construction technology, because these works are generally wasted more time than the terrestrial part of the work.
When the soil is stable, the installation of underground construction works are usually carried out in the open pit. When the unstable soil, underground structures installed in the open pit is often irrational and uneconomic. In such cases, Kalami piles or deep cervical installed base: to the ground admitted caissons, wells, it is tranšėjinė wall.
The main buildings in the underground part of bearing elements are the foundation and framework for the underground part of the wall, floor, various channels and others. Since then, how well the design-based, or a lasting and stable, the building belongs to the whole state.
Basis - the soil under the building and other structures. loads. The Framework is the natural and artificial. The natural basis - the natural soil structure intact. Artificial basis - the soil, which is replaced by another, more appropriate, soil or improve the existing soil properties in different soil-building techniques.
Foundation - a structure with an internal or other building structures load basis. If the underground part of the building is the premises, the foundation is still diaphragm design.
2nd Building-based installation
Building install artificial base and strengthen a variety of technologies to be chosen according to soil characteristics, building or structure and the type of loads. The most common ways of installing an artificial ground: soil compaction, ground-bag installation, soil building injecting it into the solution or mortar, frozen soil. Tankinama the ground soil is porous, compressible - loose sand, steppic, weak clay, bulk, and some of the other primers.

Basis of artificially enhanced when necessary to increase the depth of soil layers laikomąją power or reduce water filtravimąsi. Strengthened injektuojant into the soil of various materials (cement, mortar negesintųkalkių, bitumen, liquid glass, various resins). The soil drilling or hammering admitted injectors through which the pressure in dispersive soil pores or rock fractures injected compressed material chosen solution, which combines kietėdamas soil particles.

The installation of foundations can lead to defects. The most common basis for load bearing strength is reduced by the fact that for too long left excavated pit. As a result, the basis may perdrėkti or parch, and a negative temperature - and cold. It is therefore advisable excavated pits as soon as possible to install the foundations, and installed - Immediately pour primer. In order to pit nepritekėtų he neišplautų water and soil, surface water, it is necessary to lower the ditches. Bases can damage machinery, transport, especially if the soil is very wet. Soil structure shakes the actual mechanisms of the dynamic load. Blasts may also undermine the foundations. When it comes to degrading the groundwater level can be cleaned of soil particles and thus deformed basis.
May be based vandalize and when wrong to be performed. For example, the soil was mined below the design level, primers inappropriate or poorly reinforced tankinami improperly poured the foundation. Foundations can also affect other earthworks, cultivated near the excavated pits, etc.


3rd Building the foundation principles of design technology

Foundation design is very different. Distinguished by function, load, engineering, geological, industrial, and other conditions. Pole is the foundation with the wider sole or not, shall be made after the columns. May be monolithic or prefabricated, installed in open pits or concreting gręžduobėse. Belt base may be monolithic or prefabricated, installed in the walls or rows of columns. If you have a cellar underneath the building, band together is the foundation and basement walls. Cross-belt installed after the foundation pillars on uneven and unstable soil structure. Plokštinė foundation usually installed in all buildings. The board may be equal to or ridged. Box foundation - a monolithic kesoninė plate, and they fit the foundation load high. Masyvieji foundation is a monolithic concrete or reinforced concrete. Their shape and dimensions depend on the device or machine, which is mounted on the foundation. These are usually smoke, television towers, presses the foundation. Guilloche foundation - a rigid frame, which mounts into a slot and the bearing plate rigidly sumonolitinami. Pile foundation installed in the case of buildings and facilities constructed on weak foundation. They also provide protection against water flow, landslides and so on. Drilling foundation also made the pillars in the construction of fences and antifiltracines sheet piling and the like. Large-diameter drilling the foundation to take over large multi-storey buildings concentrated loads. Kevaliniai made after the foundation of various buildings and facilities, the engineering geological conditions are complicated. Shells can be prefabricated reinforced concrete or metal, having a diameter up to 4.5 m. Gramzdinamieji wells for the construction of oversized deep circular, rectangular, elliptical cross-section structures. Sinking of wells and the additional weight of its own, as well as specific measures to reduce the friction forces between gramzdinamojo pit wall and soil. Caissons are used when making foundations in the pit priteka plenty of water, which can be removed by conventional ground water disposal methods.
Foundation construction techniques have significant impact on their installation workability that can be assessed by various methods. One of the methods - the conventional foundation of the complexity factor for assessing foundation form, material consumption and costs. The foundations of workability P is calculated as follows:

R = K0 x K1 x K2 x K3 x K4;
here K0 - factor describing the foundation of volume filling (depending on the volume of voids and recesses sees the array), it is found as follows:
k = Vp / V;
here Vp - volume of the foundation under the outer dimensions, ie with voids, V - volume of the material foundation;
k1-factor, indicating the number of foundation surface lies 1 m3 of concrete:

k1 = fr / f;
here fr - ratio of surface area to volume of concrete foundation of m-1, F-ratio is the same standard (for example, can take 10 m-1);
K2 - the coefficient indicating the degree of reinforcement:


k2 = 1 + qa/150;

here QA - reinforcing content kg/m3;
K3 - the coefficient that shows the quantity anchor bolts saw:

K3 = 1 + qv/20;
here QV - anchor bolts volume saw kg/m3;
K4 - the coefficient that shows amount of loose parts saw:

K4 = 1 + qi/32;
here qi - loose parts volume saw kg/m3.
Sometimes the foundations of the geometric shape is very complex, this ratio range of different industries, buildings are quite large - R = 1,24-35.
The methodology is not a factor, evaluating the need for labor costs, although it also shows the installation workability. Labor costs need, however indirectly, others describe the calculation factors affecting labor costs: the form of foundation, level of reinforcement, anchor points and loose parts. Workability rating factor R is simplified, since not all show exactly the true workability, but acceptable, as there is no better methodology.
Installation of foundations in open pits. Open foundation pits usually are made to homes, industrial and similar buildings, where the soil is suitable. The foundation usually made of cast and assemble-tution of concrete or reinforced concrete. Less commonly used for other materials.
The foundations are mining pits of different depths, according to soil characteristics and site status - or šlaitinėmis with vertical walls. If the wall slopes for some reason is not hard or near the buildings, slopes should be reinforced, while not to pit for construction. It is alleged piling walls, piles, anchors or other means (Figure 3.1)..
When the soil is weak or Kasama foundation pit is close to the buildings, the walls are used to consolidate the boot rig, anchors, metal,, Larsen, Z in the form of letters and others. In some cases, the wall or temporarily secured cementing - freezing.
Residential and public buildings are made to the foundation of most species but are without the basement.

The foundations of flashing

Flashing is applied

This flashing is used to protect the foundations of the capillary and the ground water. One of the easiest way of waterproofing vertical walls are covered with a layer of bitumen (smalavimas), but this method is applied when the soil is sand. If the primer is clay or any moisture and then they should be better Waterproofing materials. Bitumen is an inexpensive, simple substance with its drawbacks: a short life cycle, to zero temperature it becomes netąsus, fragile, tear, detachment, Beto work with this material quite dangerous. Smearing waterproofing and bituminous-owned rubber, bitumen-polymer mastics, mastic cement polymer. Cement-polymer mastic, consisting of dry cement and mineral supplements a good bond with the foundation, therefore, appropriate and on lively surfaces. Spreading the waterproofing layer is from 1-3mm.

Adhesive hidrizoliacija

Adhesive waterproofing coating is made from the roll or filmy hidrizoliacinių substances on the ground and one on the other glued to the use of water-resistant materials. This is usually ruberoidas, followed parchment. Unfortunately, this material is very durable, so you can replace them with new ruloninėmis waterproofing, which is ilgaamžiškesnės, but there needs to be well prepared surface. If it will be used from the outside, then it has to be protected from mechanical damage.

Penetrating hydro

One of the used plėveliių foundation waterproofing is IZOPLAST. They use the framework walls and building walls to protect against capillary moisture, instead of the concrete low-fat "used in the layer, the buildings watertight insulation. This material is resistant to moisture, rot, decay, tear, breakage of a merger with long-lasting solution.